Concept: Max Planck established the fundamental relationship between the energy of a quantum (photon) of electromagnetic radiation and its wave properties.
Formula: $$ E = h\nu $$
Solution: - In Planck's quantum equation, \( E \) is energy, \( h \) is Planck's constant, and \( \nu \) is the frequency of the radiation.
- Because \( h \) is a constant multiplier, energy (\( E \)) is mathematically directly proportional to frequency (\( \nu \)).
- Higher frequency radiation (like X-rays) carries more energy per quantum than lower frequency radiation (like radio waves).
Why other options are incorrect: Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength (\( \lambda \)). Velocity (\( c \)) is constant for all electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum, so it cannot act as a directly proportional variable for changing energy.
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