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76 Solved Past Papers
2015 – 2024 Archives
Nervous Coordination Past Papers
Solved past paper MCQs for Nervous Coordination from official UHS, NUMS, SZABMU, DUHS, and KMU examinations. Includes verified distractor autopsies and step-by-step cognitive explanations.
Boards Included:BUMHSETEAKMUMDCATNUMSPMCSZABMUUHS
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Gustation (taste) requires identifying the molecular composition of ingested food.
Solution:
Taste receptors contain specialized cells that bind chemically to specific tastants (salts, sugars, acids) dissolved in saliva. Because they transduce chemical information into electrical signals, they are classified as chemoreceptors.
To achieve maximum speed and protect the body, emergency reflexes bypass higher-order cognitive processing.
Solution:
A standard spinal reflex arc travels from a sensory neuron, to the spinal cord (via an interneuron), directly to a motor neuron. It explicitly bypasses the brain to eliminate processing lag time, ensuring an immediate, involuntary muscular response.
Why other options are incorrect:
Spinal cord, Sensory neuron, Motor neuron: These are the mandatory structural components that comprise the actual spinal reflex arc.
The brain is divided into three primary evolutionary and embryological regions: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Solution:
The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) coordinates vital, unconscious survival functions. It structurally comprises the pons, the cerebellum, and the lower medulla oblongata, which connects directly to the spinal cord.
Why other options are incorrect:
Forebrain: Includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Midbrain: A short section linking the forebrain and hindbrain.
Hippocampus: A specific structure within the forebrain's limbic system.
Which part of the brain is controlling your sense of balance? [KMU-2024]
A
Cerebellum
B
Amygdala
C
Hippocampus
D
Medulla Oblongata
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The motor cortex initiates movement, but a separate structure calculates the physics of that movement to prevent falling.
Solution:
The cerebellum processes proprioceptive sensory input from the muscles, joints, and the inner ear (vestibular system). It then continuously fine-tunes motor commands to maintain balance, posture, and smooth coordinated muscular action.
Why other options are incorrect:
Amygdala: Processes intense emotions.
Hippocampus: Consolidates memories.
Medulla Oblongata: Controls involuntary autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
During complex activity of flight, birds required the coordination of many skeletal muscles which part of their brain has to be well developed? [NUMS-2024]
A
Thalamus
B
Amygdala
C
Cerebrum
D
Cerebellum
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
High-speed, 3D spatial maneuvering requires immense motor processing power to coordinate thousands of muscle fibers simultaneously.
Solution:
The cerebellum is strictly responsible for the precision, timing, and coordination of complex muscular activity. Because avian flight demands near-perfect, real-time balance and motor adjustment, the cerebellum is highly enlarged and exceptionally well-developed in birds.
Why other options are incorrect:
Cerebrum: Initiates voluntary action, but does not handle the rapid subconscious coordination required to stay airborne.
Thalamus / Amygdala: Relays sensory info and processes emotions, respectively.
Which part of the brain is actively used by mathematician trying to formulate a new equation? [NUMS-2024]
A
Pons
B
Cerebrum
C
Hippocampus
D
Amygdala
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Abstract thought, logic, and problem-solving are higher-order cognitive functions.
Solution:
The cerebrum (specifically the highly developed frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex) is exclusively responsible for complex problem solving, mathematical reasoning, intelligence, and conscious logical thought.
Why other options are incorrect:
Hippocampus: Used for recalling old memories, but the cerebrum does the actual active analytical formulation.
Pons: Autonomic bridge regulating sleep and breathing.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Autonomic Nervous System? [UHS-2024]
A
Regulate response of visceral organs
B
Regulate response of glands
C
Regulate response of skeletal muscles
D
Regulate response of smooth muscles
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The peripheral nervous system is split into somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) divisions based on the target effector.
Solution:
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) innervates involuntary effectors: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
Skeletal muscles are strictly voluntary and are innervated entirely by the Somatic Nervous System. Therefore, regulating skeletal muscles is NOT a feature of the ANS.
Why other options are incorrect:
Options A, B, and D describe the primary, involuntary targets of the autonomic nerves.
The following function/activity is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system: [KMU-2024]
A
Thoughts and emotions
B
Smooth muscles contraction
C
Cardiac muscles contraction
D
Salivation
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The autonomic nervous system handles background life-support processes, completely devoid of conscious effort.
Solution:
Thoughts and emotions are high-level cognitive and limbic functions that occur within the central nervous system (cerebral cortex and limbic system). They are not executed or controlled by the efferent peripheral pathways of the Autonomic Nervous System.
Why other options are incorrect:
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Salivation (glands): These are all classic, involuntary target effectors managed directly by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS.
In human myelinated fibers nerve impulse travels at ____ meters per second. [UHS-2024]
A
130-150
B
190-210
C
100-120
D
160-180
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Myelination vastly accelerates the speed of electrical conduction via saltatory propagation.
Solution:
In human neurobiology, the thickest, heavily myelinated somatic motor and sensory fibers (Type A-alpha fibers) have a maximum conduction velocity generally ranging from 100 to 120 meters per second (approx. 220-270 mph).
Why other options are incorrect:
Options above 120 m/s exceed the known physiological limits of human neuronal conduction.
During non-conducting state, the neuron membrane is permeable to efflux of: [UHS-2024]
A
Ca+
B
K+
C
Na+
D
Cl-
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The resting membrane potential (-70 mV) is primarily established by the membrane's selective permeability to certain ions while at rest.
Solution:
During the non-conducting (resting) state, voltage-gated channels are closed, but un-gated "leak" channels remain open. The membrane has significantly more Potassium (\(\text{K}^+\)) leak channels than sodium leak channels, allowing a continuous outward leakage (efflux) of \(\text{K}^+\) down its concentration gradient, keeping the inside of the cell negative.
Why other options are incorrect:
\(\text{Na}^+\) / \(\text{Ca}^{2+}\): Their permeability is exceedingly low at rest; allowing them to freely diffuse would instantly destroy the resting potential.
Depolarization during conduction of nerve impulse is due to: [UHS-2024]
A
Inward movement of Na+
B
Outward movement of Na+
C
Inward movement of K+
D
Outward movement of K+
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
An action potential occurs when the neuron briefly reverses its internal charge from negative to positive (depolarization).
Solution:
When a stimulus reaches threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels burst open. Because sodium is highly concentrated outside the cell, there is a massive inward movement (influx) of \(\text{Na}^+\) ions into the neuron, rapidly changing the membrane potential to +50mV.
Why other options are incorrect:
Outward movement of K+: This causes repolarization (returning to negative), not depolarization.
Outward Na+ / Inward K+: This ion direction is forced by the slow \(\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+\) pump to maintain the resting state, not the rapid action potential.
Which immediate change is brought about in the postsynaptic membrane on binding with excitatory neurotransmitter? [NUMS-2024]
A
Calcium gates open
B
Sodium Potassium pump ceases to work
C
Sodium gets gates close
D
Sodium gates open
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Excitatory neurotransmitters must encourage the postsynaptic cell to fire, which requires making the cell interior more positive.
Solution:
When an excitatory neurotransmitter (like glutamate or acetylcholine) binds to postsynaptic receptors, it triggers ligand-gated sodium gates to open. The resulting influx of positive \(\text{Na}^+\) ions initiates an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP), driving the cell toward threshold.
Why other options are incorrect:
Sodium gates close: This would prevent excitation entirely.
Calcium gates open: This happens in the presynaptic terminal to release the neurotransmitter, not primarily in the postsynaptic membrane to generate the impulse.
Pump ceases to work: The pump runs continuously in the background and is not immediately halted by synaptic binding.
Solution: Hyperpolarization occurs because voltage-gated \(K^+\) channels close slowly, allowing excess positive \(K^+\) to leak out. If \(K^+\) channels closed promptly upon reaching resting potential, hyperpolarization would not occur.
Which option given below characterizes refractory period? [NUMS-2024]
A
Change in the type of ions across the membrane
B
Membrane potential +50mV
C
Reversal of charges across neural (neuronal) membrane
D
Next impulse can be conducted
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurons require a brief recovery window before they can fire again to ensure impulses travel in only one direction.
Solution:
The absolute refractory period occurs directly during the action potential, heavily characterized by the active reversal of charges (depolarization and immediate repolarization). Because the sodium channels are already open or inactivated during this massive charge reversal, it is impossible for the membrane to respond to a new stimulus until resting states are restored.
Why other options are incorrect:
Next impulse can be conducted: This is the exact opposite of what "refractory" means.
Membrane potential +50mV: This only describes the peak of the action potential, while the refractory period encompasses the falling phase as well.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is lying outside the central nervous system? [UHS-2024]
A
Gamma - aminobutyric acid
B
Acetylcholine
C
Endorphins
D
Dopamine
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurotransmitters are generally compartmentalized to serve specific neural networks.
Solution:
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter of the Peripheral Nervous System (lying outside the brain and spinal cord). It bridges the neuromuscular junction to command skeletal muscle and serves as the chief messenger for the parasympathetic nervous system.
Why other options are incorrect:
GABA, Dopamine, Endorphins: These are predominantly active within the networks of the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) for mood, pain regulation, and motor control integration.
The neurotransmitter ____ is hydrolyzed by monoamine oxidase. [KMU-2024]
A
Adrenaline
B
Acetylcholine
C
Glutamate
D
Serotonin
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Enzymatic degradation is specific to the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter.
Solution:
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme specifically designed to break down monoamine neurotransmitters (compounds featuring a single amine group connected to an aromatic ring). Adrenaline (epinephrine), along with dopamine and noradrenaline, falls directly into this structural category and is metabolized by MAO.
Why other options are incorrect:
Acetylcholine: Hydrolyzed strictly by Acetylcholinesterase, not MAO.
Glutamate: An amino acid, cleared via reuptake transporters, not MAO.
Note: While Serotonin is also a monoamine broken down by MAO, classical syllabus emphasis on catecholamine degradation pathways prioritizes Adrenaline/Noradrenaline as the primary textbook answer here.
Diffusion of ____ across the post synaptic membrane causes it to depolarize. [KMU-2024]
A
Chloride ions
B
Potassium ions
C
Calcium ions
D
Sodium ions
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Depolarization is defined as the interior of a cell becoming less negative, which requires the rapid entry of a positive ion.
Solution:
When an excitatory synapse is activated, ligand-gated channels open and allow an overwhelming influx (diffusion) of positively charged Sodium (\(\text{Na}^+\)) ions into the postsynaptic neuron. This neutralizes the resting negative charge, causing depolarization.
Why other options are incorrect:
Chloride ions (\(\text{Cl}^-\)): Entering the cell makes it more negative (hyperpolarization/inhibition).
Potassium ions (\(\text{K}^+\)): Exiting the cell removes positive charge, leading to repolarization or hyperpolarization.
Calcium: Works primarily in the presynaptic terminal, not for bulk postsynaptic depolarization.
What is the fate of our neurotransmitter after the transmission of nerve impulse across synapse? [NUMS-2024]
A
Remains bound to post synaptic membrane
B
It is taken into post synaptic neuron
C
Broken down by enzyme
D
Remains stray in the synaptic cleft
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Synapses must be "reset" almost instantly to allow the processing of new, incoming signals.
Solution:
To terminate the signal and prevent continuous, paralyzing stimulation of the postsynaptic cell, the neurotransmitter is swiftly removed from the cleft. A primary biological mechanism for this (classically seen with Acetylcholine) is being broken down by specific enzymes (e.g., acetylcholinesterase) directly in the synaptic cleft.
Why other options are incorrect:
Remains bound / stray: This would cause permanent activation and muscle tetanus/spasms.
Taken into post synaptic neuron: Reuptake mechanisms pull the transmitter back into the presynaptic neuron, never the postsynaptic one.
Neurons require immense amounts of protein to continuously build neurotransmitters and maintain long axonal membranes.
Solution:
Nissl's granules (or Nissl bodies) are massive, granular bodies found extensively in the neuronal cell body (soma). Under a microscope, they are revealed to be large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum with free rosettes of ribosomes, dedicated to high-volume protein synthesis.
Why other options are incorrect:
Mesosomes: Invaginations in bacterial cell membranes.
Lysosomes: Digestion organelles, not granular protein factories.
Chromosome: Found exclusively packed in the nucleus.
By anatomical definition, a motor neuron (efferent neuron) has its cell body in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and projects its long axon outward to transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands (effectors), commanding them to act.
Why other options are incorrect:
Receptors to CNS: This is the strict job of the sensory (afferent) neuron.
Effectors to CNS: Signals do not travel backwards from effectors.
Connects nerves to ganglions: Describes structural anatomy, not the functional directionality of a motor fiber.
Neurons are classified by the number of processes extending from their cell body. The more complex the integration required, the more dendrites are needed.
Solution:
Because the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) must integrate vast amounts of information from thousands of converging inputs, over 99% of neurons within the CNS (including all motor neurons and interneurons) are multipolar. They possess one axon and many highly branched dendrites.
Why other options are incorrect:
Unipolar / Pseudounipolar: Primarily sensory neurons located in peripheral ganglia outside the CNS.
Bipolar: Extremely rare, found only in specialized sensory organs like the retina of the eye and olfactory epithelium.
Endogenous pain regulation originates centrally within the nervous system.
Solution:
Endorphins are naturally occurring opioid peptides synthesized primarily in the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus within the brain in response to pain or stress.
Why other options are incorrect:
Adrenal gland: Produces stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
Stomach / Thymus: Involved in digestion and immunity, respectively, not endogenous analgesia.
The activities like sleeping, walking and dreaming are controlled by which part of the brain: [ETEA-2023]
A
Pons
B
Cerebellum
C
Olfactory bulb
D
Hippocampus
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The brainstem contains distinct centers that regulate fundamental rhythmic and states-of-consciousness behaviors.
Solution:
The pons (Latin for "bridge") connects different parts of the brain. It houses specialized nuclei that are heavily involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, the generation of dreams (especially REM sleep), and bridging motor tracts required for movements like walking.
Why other options are incorrect:
Cerebellum: Fine-tunes movement but does not generate sleep or dreams.
The cerebellum is primarily concerned with: [ETEA-2023 Retake]
A
Thinking and reasoning
B
Balancing during active movement
C
Temperature regulation
D
Initiation of muscular contraction
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The cerebellum acts as a high-speed error-correction system for the motor cortex.
Solution:
The primary role of the cerebellum is to integrate sensory data regarding body position and fine-tune motor outputs to ensure perfect balance, posture, and coordination during active movement.
Why other options are incorrect:
Thinking and reasoning: Function of the cerebrum (frontal lobe).
Temperature regulation: Function of the hypothalamus.
Initiation of contraction: Starts in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.
Which part of the brain plays a key role in long term memory? [ETEA-2023 Retake]
A
Thalamus
B
Hippocampus
C
Hypothalamus
D
Amygdala
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Memories must be encoded and consolidated before they can be stored permanently in the cortex.
Solution:
The hippocampus (a seahorse-shaped structure in the limbic system) is absolutely critical for forming new long-term declarative memories and spatial navigation. Damage to this area prevents the creation of new memories.
In a typical nerve, the action potential duration is: [UHS-2023]
A
1 millisecond
B
1 microsecond
C
1 second
D
1 minute
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neural communication relies on extreme speed to allow for rapid reactions.
Solution:
A complete action potential—from initial depolarization through repolarization and the refractory undershoot—is an incredibly brief electrical event lasting approximately 1 millisecond (\(10^{-3}\) seconds).
Why other options are incorrect:
1 microsecond: Far too fast for ion channels to mechanically open and close.
1 second / 1 minute: Impossibly slow, which would cause severe biological lag and paralysis.
During resting membrane potential condition: [UHS-2023]
A
Outer surface of neuron is more positive
B
Inner surface of neuron is more positive
C
Both of these surfaces are equally positive
D
Both of these surfaces are equally negative
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The resting neuron is highly polarized due to the selective permeability of its membrane and active pumping mechanisms.
Solution:
Because of the massive abundance of \(\text{Na}^+\) ions pumped to the outside, and the presence of large, negatively charged proteins trapped inside the cell, the outer surface of the neuron is distinctly more positive relative to the negatively charged interior.
Why other options are incorrect:
Inner more positive: This state only occurs briefly during the peak of an active action potential (depolarization).
If surfaces were equal, voltage would be zero and impulse transmission would be impossible.
The value of active membrane potential of the neuron is: [UHS-2023]
A
0.01 volts
B
0.02 volts
C
0.05 volts
D
0.07 volts
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept: Action potential peak voltage conversion.
Solution: During peak depolarization, the active membrane potential reaches approximately +50 millivolts. Converting millivolts to volts (\(50 \text{ mV} / 1000 = \mathbf{0.05 \text{ Volts}}\)).
The chemical messengers that transmit action potential across the synapse in the form of chemicals are? [UHS-2023]
A
Synaptic knob of synapse
B
Reflex actions
C
Neurotransmitters
D
Acetylcholinesterase
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Electrical action potentials cannot bridge the physical gap of a synapse.
Solution:
To continue the signal, the presynaptic neuron releases endogenous chemical agents known as neurotransmitters. These diffuse across the cleft and bind to receptors, sparking a new electrical potential in the next cell.
Why other options are incorrect:
Synaptic knob: The physical anatomical structure that holds the vesicles.
Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that destroys the messenger, rather than transmitting it.
During non-conducting state, the neuron membrane is permeable to efflux of: [SZABMU-2023]
A
K⁺
B
Na⁺
C
Ca⁺⁺
D
Cl⁻
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The resting membrane potential is largely dictated by "leak" channels that remain open when the neuron is idle.
Solution:
In a non-conducting (resting) state, the neuronal membrane contains significantly more open potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels. Therefore, it is highly permeable to the slow, continuous efflux of potassium ions (\(\text{K}^+\)) moving down their concentration gradient out of the cell.
Why other options are incorrect:
\(\text{Na}^+\) / \(\text{Ca}^{2+}\): Their voltage-gated channels are strictly closed during the resting state to maintain the electrochemical gradient.
Neurotransmitters can either encourage a neuron to fire (excitatory) or prevent it from firing (inhibitory).
Solution:
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. It works by opening chloride channels, causing hyperpolarization and making it harder for the postsynaptic neuron to reach action potential threshold.
Why other options are incorrect:
Excitatory: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter, performing the opposite function of GABA.
Enzyme / Hormone: GABA is an amino acid derivative acting as a local synaptic messenger, not a systemic hormone or catalyst.
What is the fate of neurotransmitters after provoking impulse in postsynaptic membrane? [SZABMU-2023]
A
Stay in synaptic cleft indefinitely
B
Recycled in synaptic cleft
C
Degraded by enzyme
D
Taken up by postsynaptic membrane
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
For clear and precise neural signaling, the synaptic cleft must be rapidly cleared of neurotransmitters once the message is delivered.
Solution:
To prevent continuous, paralyzing over-stimulation, neurotransmitters are swiftly removed. While some undergo presynaptic reuptake, a primary and definitive fate (especially for Acetylcholine) is being rapidly degraded by specific enzymes (like acetylcholinesterase) directly in the cleft.
Why other options are incorrect:
Stay indefinitely: This would cause lethal tetanic spasms or complete desensitization.
Taken up by postsynaptic: Reuptake strictly occurs into the presynaptic neuron, not postsynaptic.
The size of synaptic cleft in electrical synapse is: [ETEA-2023]
A
20nm
B
2nm
C
0.2nm
D
200nm
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
1. Concept:
Synapses transmit nerve impulses either electrically or chemically. In an electrical synapse, pre- and post-synaptic membranes are in extreme proximity and connected by gap junctions (connexons), enabling direct and rapid ionic current flow.
2. Textbook Specification (KPK Biology / ETEA):
According to the KPK Textbook Board Biology syllabus (Chapter: Nervous Coordination), the synaptic cleft in an electrical synapse is only 0.2 nm wide, whereas in a chemical synapse, the cleft is significantly wider at approximately 20 nm (or 20-30 nm).
Chemical synapse synaptic cleft: Approximately 20 nm.
4. Why other options are incorrect:
Option A (20nm): Characteristic cleft width of a chemical synapse.
Option B (2nm): While certain international physiology references quote the physical gap of connexons as ~2 nm (20 Å), the authoritative KPK textbook line tested in ETEA examinations explicitly establishes 0.2 nm.
Option C (0.2nm):Correct. Verbatim textbook specification for the electrical synapse cleft in the KPK MDCAT/ETEA curriculum.
Option D (200nm): Disproportionately large for any anatomical synaptic cleft.
Which type of nerve impulse occurs in non-myelinated neuron fibers? [ETEA-2023]
A
Saltatory impulse
B
Jumping impulse
C
Rapid impulse
D
Continuous impulse
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The presence or absence of myelin radically alters how an action potential propagates along the axon membrane.
Solution:
In non-myelinated neurons, voltage-gated channels are distributed evenly along the entire length of the axon. The action potential must depolarize every single adjacent patch of the membrane consecutively, resulting in a continuous impulse.
Why other options are incorrect:
Saltatory / Jumping impulse: These describe the highly rapid propagation in myelinated fibers, where the signal "jumps" between the nodes of Ranvier.
Rapid impulse: Continuous conduction is comparatively very slow, not rapid.
The neuron is said to be polarized when the: [ETEA-2023 Retake]
A
Inside of the plasma membrane has a positive energy compared to the outside
B
Inside of the plasma membrane has same energy compared to the outside
C
Inside of the plasma membrane has a negative energy compared to the outside
D
Positive charge moves inside the neuron
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
A resting neuron behaves like a biological battery, maintaining a separation of charge across its lipid bilayer.
Solution:
During the resting (polarized) state, the active \(\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+\) pumps and selective leak channels create an electrochemical gradient. This results in the inside of the plasma membrane having a net negative charge (recorded as negative voltage or "energy" in the exact exam phrasing) relative to the more positive outside.
Why other options are incorrect:
Inside is positive / Positive charge moves inside: This describes the depolarized active state, not the polarized resting state.
Same energy: This would mean zero membrane potential, meaning the neuron is dead or unable to fire.
What brings membrane potential to threshold? [ETEA-2023 Retake]
A
Outflow of odium ions across the post synaptic membrane
B
Influx of sodium ions across the post synaptic membrane
C
Outflow of calcium ions across the post synaptic membrane
D
Influx of potassium ions the post synaptic membrane
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Excitation of a neuron requires shifting its resting negative voltage towards a more positive critical threshold (-55 mV) to fire an action potential.
Solution:
When excitatory neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, they trigger ligand-gated sodium channels to open. The subsequent influx of positively charged sodium (\(\text{Na}^+\)) ions reduces the negative charge inside the cell, driving the membrane potential up to the threshold.
Why other options are incorrect:
Outflow of sodium / Influx of potassium: These ion movements would generally hyperpolarize the cell (make it more negative), moving it away from the threshold.
Calcium: Primarily involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis at the terminal, not the initial postsynaptic depolarization in typical neurons.
Site of the production of neurotransmitter is: [NUMS-2023]
A
Dendrite
B
Post synaptic neurons
C
Synaptic cleft
D
Presynaptic neuron
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurotransmission is a highly directional process requiring the sender cell to manufacture and store chemical messengers.
Solution:
Neurotransmitters are synthesized, packaged into synaptic vesicles, and stored within the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron. Upon receiving an action potential, this presynaptic neuron releases them into the cleft.
Why other options are incorrect:
Post synaptic neuron: The receiver of the neurotransmitters.
Synaptic cleft: The empty physical gap between the cells; nothing is produced here.
Dendrite: The primary receiving structure, not the production/release site.
Neurons form complex communication networks by forming highly specialized junction points.
Solution:
The functional connection where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another is biologically defined as a synapse. It encompasses the presynaptic terminal, the cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane.
Why other options are incorrect:
Cleft: Refers strictly to the empty space within the synapse, not the functional junction as a whole.
Axon / Impulse: Parts of a single neuron's structure and electrical activity.
The pressure receptors that receive deep pressure stimulus in human body are called: [UHS-2023]
A
Cholesterol
B
Meissner Corpuscles
C
Red blood Corpuscles
D
Pacinian Corpuscles
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Mechanoreceptors in the skin are layered based on their function; superficial receptors detect light touch, while deeper receptors detect heavy force.
Solution:
Pacinian corpuscles are large, onion-like encapsulated nerve endings located deep within the dermis and hypodermis. They are specifically tuned to detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations.
Why other options are incorrect:
Meissner Corpuscles: Located near the skin surface to detect light touch and texture.
Red blood Corpuscles: Erythrocytes (carry oxygen), not nervous tissue.
Mechanoreceptors in the skin are specialized to detect different mechanical stimuli such as touch, pressure, and vibration.
Solution:
Meissner's corpuscles are encapsulated nerve endings located in the dermal papillae, primarily responsible for detecting light touch and low-frequency vibration.
Why other options are incorrect:
Pacinian's corpuscles: Specifically detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.
Olfactory receptors: Chemoreceptors located in the nasal cavity for smell.
Nociceptors: Specialized free nerve endings that detect pain.
Different sensory receptors are tuned to specific modalities of stimuli to protect and inform the body.
Solution:
Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors that respond to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and brain, resulting in the perception of pain.
Why other options are incorrect:
Baroreceptors: Detect changes in blood pressure.
Chemoreceptors: Detect chemical changes (e.g., blood pH, taste, smell).
Mechanoreceptors: Detect physical deformation like touch or pressure, but not inherently pain.
There is no clear difference between dendrites and axons in sensory neurons, except: [UHS-2022]
A
Thickness
B
Length
C
Terminal portions
D
None of above
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
In pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons, both the peripheral and central processes are structurally axon-like (myelinated, capable of action potentials).
Solution:
The primary morphological and functional difference lies at their terminal portions. The peripheral process (functional dendrite) ends in sensory receptors, whereas the central process (true axon) ends in synaptic knobs within the central nervous system.
Why other options are incorrect:
Thickness / Length: In sensory neurons, the peripheral and central branches can be nearly identical in diameter and extensive length.
Solution: Conduction speed increases with larger axon diameter and myelination. Myelination enables rapid saltatory conduction across nodes of Ranvier.
The type of neuron that carries nerve impulse from tissue and organ to the spinal cord and brain is: [ETEA-2022]
A
Sensory neuron
B
Motor neuron
C
Intermediate neuron
D
Associative neuron
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neural pathways are directional. Afferent pathways bring signals IN, while efferent pathways send signals OUT.
Solution:
Sensory (afferent) neurons detect stimuli in peripheral tissues and organs and carry those electrical impulses towards the Central Nervous System (spinal cord and brain) for integration.
Why other options are incorrect:
Motor neuron: Carries signals away from the CNS to effectors.
Intermediate / Associative neuron: Synonymous with interneurons; located entirely within the CNS to process information.
During an involuntary action, nerve impulse is passed through a pathway called: [BUMHS-2022]
A
Reflex action of nerve impulse
B
Reflex action of glands
C
Reflex arc and reflex action
D
Reflex arc
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Anatomical structures create the specific "wiring" for physiological behaviors.
Solution:
The actual anatomical pathway that a nerve impulse travels along to produce a reflex is termed the reflex arc. It structurally consists of the receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector.
Why other options are incorrect:
Reflex action is the functional behavior or result (e.g., pulling your hand away), whereas the reflex arc is the physical pathway itself.
The resting membrane potential of neuron is measured about: [ETEA-2022]
A
-30 millivolts
B
50 millivolts
C
-70 millivolts
D
100 millivolts
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
When a neuron is not transmitting a signal, there is a stable, uneven distribution of ions across its membrane.
Solution:
The interior of a typical resting neuron is negatively charged relative to the exterior. This difference in electrical charge is the resting membrane potential, globally accepted to be approximately -70 millivolts (mV).
Why other options are incorrect:
-30 mV: Incorrect resting value.
+50 mV: Represents the peak of an active action potential.
100 mV: Not a physiological resting state for human neurons.
The neurotransmitter active outside CNS (Central Nervous System) is: [UHS-2022]
A
Acetylcholine
B
Dopamine
C
Glutamate
D
Serotonin
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurotransmitters have specific functional domains within the body.
Solution:
Acetylcholine is the quintessential peripheral neurotransmitter. It is solely responsible for bridging the gap between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells (neuromuscular junction) and is widely active in the autonomic nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
Why other options are incorrect:
Dopamine, Glutamate, Serotonin: While they may have some peripheral effects, they are overwhelmingly characterized as central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters responsible for mood, cognition, and motor regulation in the brain.
Molecules responsible for conveying message from one neuron to the next are called: [NUMS-2022]
A
Hormones
B
Activators
C
Neurotransmitters
D
Enzymes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Action potentials cannot jump physical gaps; they require a chemical intermediary.
Solution:
Neurotransmitters are the packaged molecules stored in presynaptic vesicles that diffuse across the synaptic cleft to convey the neural message to the receptors of the adjacent post-synaptic neuron.
Why other options are incorrect:
Hormones: Transported via blood over long distances.
Enzymes: Proteins that speed up reactions (e.g., Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the message, rather than conveying it).
The gap between neurons at a synapse is: [NUMS-2022]
A
Synaptic knob
B
Synaptic cleft
C
Synaptic delay
D
Synaptic vesicle
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurons in a chemical synapse do not physically touch; they maintain a microscopic separation.
Solution:
The literal physical gap (approximately 20-30 nanometers wide) separating the presynaptic terminal from the postsynaptic membrane is anatomically termed the synaptic cleft.
Why other options are incorrect:
Synaptic knob: The swollen end of the presynaptic axon.
Synaptic vesicle: The sacs inside the knob holding the neurotransmitters.
Synaptic delay: The brief fraction of a millisecond it takes for the chemical process to occur, not a structural space.
The part of brain which guides smooth and accurate motions and maintains body position is: [UHS-2022]
A
Cerebrum
B
Cerebellum
C
Pons
D
Medulla
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Motor commands originate in the cerebrum, but they must be refined and coordinated for fluid movement.
Solution:
The cerebellum (the "little brain" at the back of the skull) acts as a high-speed computer that calculates and refines muscular contractions, ensuring motions are smooth, accurate, and that posture and balance are seamlessly maintained.
Why other options are incorrect:
Cerebrum: Initiates voluntary movement but does not do the fine-tuning for balance.
Medulla / Pons: Control vital autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing rhythms.
The feelings and emotions of love and hate are controlled by: [SZABMU-2022]
A
Amygdala
B
Hippocampus
C
Thalamus
D
Hypothalamus
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The limbic system is the emotional brain, with specific sub-structures handling different emotional valences.
Solution:
The amygdala is an almond-shaped cluster of nuclei deep within the temporal lobe. It is fundamentally responsible for processing intense emotional responses, aggressive behaviors, fear, and strong feelings of love and hate.
Why other options are incorrect:
Hippocampus: Primarily involved in consolidating short-term memory into long-term memory.
Thalamus: The sensory relay station.
Hypothalamus: Homeostatic regulation (hunger, thirst, body temp).
The hind brain is comprised of all of the following except: [ETEA-2022]
A
Pons
B
Cerebellum
C
Cerebrum
D
Medulla oblongata
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The brain is divided embryologically into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Solution:
The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) consists strictly of the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum. The cerebrum, however, is the largest structure of the completely separate forebrain (prosencephalon).
Why other options are incorrect:
Options A, B, and D are all anatomically correct components of the hindbrain.
It is the site of all conscious activity: [DUHS-2022]
A
Hind brain
B
Cortex
C
Spinal cord
D
Mid brain
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Higher-order cognitive processing requires a massive network of unmyelinated neuronal cell bodies.
Solution:
The cerebral cortex (the highly convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum) is responsible for all conscious thought, sensory perception, voluntary movement initiation, language, and reasoning.
Why other options are incorrect:
Hind brain / Mid brain / Spinal cord: These regions deal with subconscious, involuntary, autonomic survival functions and reflex arcs.
Spinal cord comes out from the cranium though an opening known as: [DUHS-2022]
A
Foramen magnum
B
Lumen
C
Ganglion
D
Acetabulum
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The central nervous system is continuous, transitioning from the brain to the spinal cord as it exits the skull.
Solution:
The foramen magnum (Latin for "great hole") is the large opening at the base of the occipital bone through which the medulla oblongata extends downward to become the continuous spinal cord.
Why other options are incorrect:
Acetabulum: The hip socket where the femur attaches.
Lumen: The hollow inside space of a tubular structure like a blood vessel.
Ganglion: A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Those nerves that originate from or lead to the brain are called cerebral nerves. These are ____ pairs of cerebral nerves in human. [ETEA-2022]
A
6
B
12
C
14
D
31
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The peripheral nervous system connects directly to the central nervous system via distinct sets of paired nerves.
Solution:
Cerebral nerves (commonly known as cranial nerves) emerge directly from the brain and brainstem. In humans, there are exactly 12 pairs of cranial nerves (e.g., Optic, Vagus, Olfactory).
Which one of the following is common to all neurons? [PMC-2020]
A
A cell body which contains a nucleus
B
Presence of node of Ranvier
C
A thick myelin sheath
D
Presence of Schwann cells
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurons come in many morphological classifications (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar), but they share fundamental cellular necessities.
Solution:
Regardless of type, every functional neuron must have a soma (cell body) containing a nucleus to direct protein synthesis and maintain cellular metabolism.
Why other options are incorrect:
Nodes of Ranvier, Myelin Sheath, Schwann Cells: These are characteristic of myelinated neurons only. Unmyelinated neurons lack these structures entirely.
Neurons are cells adapted for the rapid transmission of electrical impulses. To do this, they have long thin processes called: [PMC-2020]
A
Axons
B
Myelin sheath
C
Dendrites
D
Schwann cell
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The morphology of a neuron is perfectly adapted for long-distance communication.
Solution:
Axons are the elongated, thin processes (fibers) that conduct electrical impulses (action potentials) away from the cell body over long distances (sometimes up to a meter in humans) to target effectors or other neurons.
Why other options are incorrect:
Dendrites: Typically short and highly branched; they receive signals rather than transmitting them over long distances.
Myelin sheath / Schwann cell: These insulate the axon to speed up transmission, but they are not the "process" itself.
Which of the following neurotransmitters function, both as neurotransmitter and hormones, decreasing our perception of pain? [PMC-2020]
A
Epinephrine
B
Dopamine
C
Serotonin
D
Endorphins
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The body has endogenous analgesic (pain-relieving) systems to cope with extreme stress or physical exertion.
Solution:
Endorphins (endogenous morphines) are neuropeptides produced by the central nervous system and pituitary gland. They bind to opiate receptors to significantly block pain signals and can induce feelings of euphoria.
Why other options are incorrect:
Epinephrine / Dopamine / Serotonin: While they affect mood and the "fight or flight" response, they are not primarily known as the body's natural painkillers.
____ is considered as chief structural and functional unit of nervous system. [ETEA-2019]
A
Cell
B
Neuron
C
Nephron
D
Brain
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option BDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Every organ system is built upon a foundational cellular unit that performs its primary functions.
Solution:
The neuron (or nerve cell) is the core component of the nervous system, uniquely specialized for generating, propagating, and transmitting electrochemical impulses.
Why other options are incorrect:
Nephron: The structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Brain: The central processing organ, not the microscopic foundational unit.
Cell: Too generic; many cells (like glia) support the nervous system but do not transmit primary impulses.
The reflex action is the phenomena which only involves: [MDCAT-2019]
A
Brain, receptors, spinal cord
B
Receptors, neurons, brain
C
Receptors, effectors and spinal cord
D
Receptors and effectors
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
A spinal reflex arc is an involuntary, rapid response mechanism that bypasses conscious thought to protect the body.
Solution:
A standard spinal reflex relies purely on the peripheral and spinal pathways: it detects a stimulus (receptors), processes it at the level of the spinal cord via an interneuron, and immediately triggers a response via effectors. The brain is not actively involved in the reflex execution itself.
Why other options are incorrect:
Options involving the Brain represent conscious pathways or cranial reflexes, not the standard localized spinal reflex action meant by this specific curriculum question.
In an action potential, the permeability of sodium ions in the neuron increases due to: [MDCAT-2019]
A
Repolarization
B
The action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme
C
The opening of sodium channels/gates
D
Sodium ions forming an ionic bonding
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Changes in membrane permeability are controlled by voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the lipid bilayer.
Solution:
When the membrane reaches threshold potential, voltage-gated sodium channels undergo a conformational change and open. This drastically increases the membrane's permeability to \(\text{Na}^+\), allowing a massive influx of sodium down its electrochemical gradient, triggering depolarization.
Why other options are incorrect:
Repolarization: Occurs due to the closing of sodium gates and the opening of potassium gates.
Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, unrelated to axonal sodium gates.
If stimulation is above _, impulses travel to the brain along the sensory neuron. [MDCAT-2019]
A
Action Potential
B
Resting Potential
C
Threshold
D
Recovery Period
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Neurons obey the "all-or-none" principle. An action potential is only fired if a specific voltage criteria is met.
Solution:
The threshold potential (usually around -55 mV) is the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. If a stimulus brings the membrane above this threshold, a full impulse is generated and sent to the brain.
Why other options are incorrect:
Action Potential: This is the result, not the triggering requirement.
Resting Potential: The baseline state. A stimulus must exceed resting potential significantly to reach threshold.
Taste buds on the tongue are example of: [MDCAT-2018]
A
Thermoreceptors
B
Pressure receptors
C
Photoreceptors
D
Chemoreceptors
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Gustation (taste) is fundamentally a chemical sense.
Solution:
Taste buds contain gustatory cells that bind to specific food molecules (tastants) dissolved in saliva. Because they detect chemical substances, they are classified as chemoreceptors.
Why other options are incorrect:
Thermoreceptors / Pressure receptors: Present on the tongue for temperature and texture, but they are not the taste buds themselves.
Photoreceptors: Found only in the retina of the eye.
How many sodium ions are pumped out in response to two potassium ions transported into the membrane? [MDCAT-2018]
A
4
B
1
C
2
D
3
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
The resting membrane potential is actively maintained by an electrogenic pump powered by ATP.
Solution:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump (\(\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+\) ATPase) utilizes one molecule of ATP to actively transport 3 \(\text{Na}^+\) ions out of the cell while simultaneously bringing 2 \(\text{K}^+\) ions into the cell. This 3:2 ratio maintains the negative charge inside the membrane.
Why other options are incorrect:
Options 1, 2, and 4 do not reflect the strict stoichiometric 3:2 ratio characteristic of this fundamental cellular pump.
When a nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron, it is called [MDCAT-2018]
A
Saltatory conduction
B
Resting potential
C
Synapses
D
Membrane potential
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option ADiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Myelination alters how action potentials propagate, making the nervous system highly efficient.
Solution:
Because the myelin sheath prevents ion leakage, depolarization can only occur at the exposed gaps known as Nodes of Ranvier. The impulse appears to "leap" from node to node, a phenomenon strictly termed saltatory conduction.
Why other options are incorrect:
Resting / Membrane potential: Refer to voltage states, not the physical movement of the impulse.
Synapses: The junction between two entirely separate cells.
In nervous system, chemical messengers are called [MDCAT-2018]
A
Enzymes
B
Chemoreceptors
C
Neurotransmitters
D
Hormones
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option CDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Chemical signaling depends on the system utilized (Nervous vs. Endocrine).
Solution:
In the nervous system, the highly specific endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across a synaptic cleft from one neuron to another target cell are specifically called neurotransmitters.
Why other options are incorrect:
Hormones: Chemical messengers of the endocrine system that travel via the bloodstream.
Enzymes: Biological catalysts, not signaling messengers.
Chemoreceptors: The sensory structures that detect chemicals.
Receptors are classified based on the type of stimulus energy they transduce into electrical signals.
Solution:
Pressure is a mechanical force. Mechanoreceptors (like Pacinian corpuscles) are specifically designed to detect mechanical deformation of the receptor membrane caused by pressure or stretch.
Why other options are incorrect:
Chemoreceptors: Respond to specific molecules/chemicals.
Photoreceptors: Respond to photons (light).
Thermoreceptors: Respond to changes in temperature.
Conduction of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to another in myelinated neurons is through: [MDCAT-2015]
A
Hyperpolarization
B
Depolarization
C
Resting Membrane Potential
D
Saltatory conduction
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Myelin acts as a high-resistance electrical insulator, forcing the action potential to "skip" down the axon.
Solution:
In myelinated axons, ion channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. The electrical impulse jumps from node to node, a highly efficient and rapid process known as saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to jump).
Why other options are incorrect:
Depolarization / Hyperpolarization: These are phases of the action potential itself, not the mechanism of propagation along the axon length.
An action potential graph tracks membrane voltage over time, featuring distinct phases dictated by specific ion channels opening and closing.
Solution:
Phase 1: Resting state.
Phase 2: Depolarization. Voltage-gated \(\text{Na}^+\) channels open, allowing an influx of sodium ions, causing the membrane potential to rapidly become positive.
Phase 3 & 4: Repolarization (falling phase).
Phase 5: Hyperpolarization (undershoot).
Why other options are incorrect:
Repolarization: Occurs during the downward slope of the graph.
Hyperpolarization: The dip below the baseline resting potential.
Neurotransmitter secreted at synapse outside the central nervous system is: [MDCAT-2015]
A
Dopamine
B
Androgen
C
Polypeptide
D
Acetylcholine
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option DDiagnostic Explanation
Concept:
Different neurotransmitters dominate different divisions of the nervous system.
Solution:
Outside the CNS, within the Peripheral Nervous System (specifically at the neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia), Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary active neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating skeletal muscles and parasympathetic responses.
Why other options are incorrect:
Dopamine: Primarily active within the brain (CNS).
Androgen: A steroid hormone, not a neurotransmitter.
Polypeptide: A broad category of molecules, not specific.
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