Logical Reasoning 17 Solved Past Papers 2022 – 2024 Archives

Cause and Effect Analysis Past Papers

Solved past paper MCQs for Cause and Effect Analysis from official UHS, NUMS, SZABMU, DUHS, and KMU examinations. Includes verified distractor autopsies and step-by-step cognitive explanations.

Boards Included: FMDC MDCAT SZABMU
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#1 of 17 Balochistan MDCAT 2024 / BUMHS 2024
[Balochistan MDCAT 2024 / BUMHS 2024]

Statements:
I. The university authority has instructed all the colleges under its jurisdiction to ban the use of all cell phones inside college premises.
II. A majority of the teachers of the colleges signed a joint petition complaining about disturbances caused by cell phone ringtones inside classrooms.

Which of the following is correct?
A
Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
B
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
C
Both statements are independent causes
D
Both statements are effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Administrative Cause and Effect.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Faculty petitions highlighting classroom disruption (Statement II) served as the primary cause that prompted the university to issue the ban order (Statement I).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Reverses the logical timeline of action.
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#2 of 17 Balochistan MDCAT 2024 / BUMHS 2024
[Balochistan MDCAT 2024 / BUMHS 2024]

Statements:
I. Kenya has surpassed the value of tea exports this year due to an increase in demand for quality tea in the foreign market.
II. There is an increase in demand for coffee in the local market during the last two years.

Which of the following is correct?
A
Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
B
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
C
Both statements are independent causes
D
Both statements are effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option D Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Independent Economic Dynamics.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Global demand for Kenyan tea exports and local domestic coffee demand are separate market events driven by totally different independent underlying causes.

Why other options are incorrect:

• Options A and B: Implicate a direct link between foreign tea sales and domestic coffee drinking where none exists.
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#3 of 17 FMDC 2024 Reconduct
[FMDC 2024 Reconduct]

Statements:
I. Many schools have banned the sale of fast food in their premises.
II. Obesity in youngsters is a major concern driven by poor eating habits.
A
Statement (I) is the cause and statement (II) is the effect
B
Statement (II) is the cause and statement (I) is the effect
C
Both the statements (I) and (II) are independent causes
D
Both the statements (I) and (II) are effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Policy Action Motivated by Public Health.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Concern over youth obesity and poor dietary habits (Statement II) serves as the driving cause for schools banning fast food sales on campus (Statement I).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Inverts cause and effect.
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#4 of 17 FMDC 2024 / SZABMU 2024
[FMDC 2024 / SZABMU 2024]

Statements:
I. Large numbers of people have fallen sick after consuming sweets from a particular shop in the locality.
II. A major part of the locality is flooded and has become inaccessible.
A
Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.
B
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
C
Both the statements I and II are independent causes.
D
Both the statements I and II are the effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option D Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Unrelated Cause-Effect Relationships.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Food contamination at a local bakery and regional flooding stem from entirely distinct, unrelated root causes.

Why other options are incorrect:

• Options A and B: Falsely correlate food poisoning with flooding access issues.
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#5 of 17 KPK MDCAT 2024 / KMU 2024
[KPK MDCAT 2024 / KMU 2024]

Read the following statements and identify the best cause-and-effect relation:
i. Sara's productivity at work has significantly decreased over the past month.
ii. Sara has been experiencing frequent interruptions due to ongoing construction work near her office.
A
Sara's decreased productivity is causing the construction work.
B
The ongoing construction work is causing Sara's decreased productivity.
C
Sara's productivity was already decreasing before the construction work began.
D
The construction work is unrelated to Sara's productivity.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Environmental Interruption Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Loud acoustic distractions from construction (Cause) impede focus, causing lower workplace output (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Reverses cause and effect absurdly.
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#6 of 17 Sindh MDCAT 2024 / DUHS 2024
[Sindh MDCAT 2024 / DUHS 2024]

Read the two statements given and select the correct option:
A. Advances in cancer chemotherapy have made more drugs available today.
B. A large number of cancer patients now have a better outcome.
A
Both statements A and B are effects of some common cause.
B
Statement A is the cause and statement B is the effect.
C
Both statements A and B are effects of independent causes.
D
Statement B is the cause and statement A is the effect.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Medical Cause and Effect.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Enhanced pharmaceutical developments (Cause) lead to higher clinical survival rates (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option D: Reverses treatment cause with patient outcome.
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#7 of 17 Sindh MDCAT Reconduct 2024
[Sindh MDCAT Reconduct 2024]

Statements:
i. The majority of the people in the locality belong to the low-income group.
ii. The quality of the products in the local supermarket is considerably lower than those in other localities.
A
Statement I is the cause, and statement II is its effect
B
Statement II is the cause, and statement I is its effect
C
Both statements are independent causes
D
Both statements are effects of a common cause
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Economic Purchasing Power Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Lower consumer purchasing power in a neighborhood (Cause) leads local supermarkets to adjust by stocking lower-cost, lower-quality goods (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts market dynamics.
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#8 of 17 UHS MDCAT 2024
[UHS MDCAT 2024]

Statement 1: The government has increased the taxes on all businesses in Pakistan.
Statement 2: Many small businesses will have to close their operations in Pakistan.
A
Statement I is the cause and Statement II is the effect.
B
Statement II is the cause and Statement I is the effect.
C
Both statements I and II are independent causes.
D
Both statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Fiscal Policy Effects.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Broad tax hikes (Cause) lead to profit contraction, causing operational insolvency in small businesses (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts policy causality.
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#9 of 17 Balochistan MDCAT 2023
[Balochistan MDCAT 2023]

Analyze cause-and-effect:
I. The glaciers at the poles of the earth are melting at a fast rate.
II. In recent times, there has been a substantial increase in the intensity of sunlight and volcanic eruptions.
A
Statement (I) is the cause and statement (II) is its effect.
B
Statement (II) is the cause and statement (I) is its effect.
C
Both statements (I) and (II) are independent causes.
D
Both statements (I) and (II) are effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Environmental Thermodynamics.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Increased radiative solar forcing and volcanic activity (Cause) increase ambient global temperatures, accelerating glacial melting (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Inverts thermodynamic cause and effect.
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#10 of 17 FMDC 2023
[FMDC 2023]

Statements:
(I) There is a sharp decline in the production of oilseeds this year.
(II) The Government has decided to increase the import quantum of edible oil.
A
Statement I is the cause and II is its effect
B
Statement II is the cause and I is its effect
C
Both statements are of independent causes
D
Both statements are the effects of the independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Agricultural Supply & Import Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: A drop in local raw oilseed yield (Cause) forces state intervention to import finished edible oil (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Reverses the economic trigger direction.
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#11 of 17 KMU MDCAT 2023 Retake
[KMU MDCAT 2023 Retake]

Statements:
(I) For the past four years, the district’s literacy rate has been rising.
(II) The district administration organized a thorough training program for the volunteers working on the literacy campaign.
A
II is the cause of I as its effect
B
I is the cause and II is its effect
C
I and II are effects of some common cause
D
I and II are both effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Educational Program Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Comprehensive teacher/volunteer training programs (II) cause literacy improvements (I).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts cause and effect.
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#12 of 17 KMU MDCAT 2023
[KMU MDCAT 2023]

Statements:
I. The importance of yoga and exercise is being realized by all sections of society.
II. There is an increasing awareness about health in society, particularly among middle-aged people.
A
Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.
B
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
C
Both statements I and II are independent causes.
D
Both statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Health Behavior Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Growing health awareness (Cause) leads people to adopt active lifestyle practices like exercise (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Inverts the psychological cause of behavior.
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#13 of 17 Sindh MDCAT 2023
[Sindh MDCAT 2023]

Statement 1: It was raining cats and dogs.
Statement 2: The football match was cancelled.
A
Statement (i) is the cause and statement (ii) is its effect.
B
Statement (ii) is the cause and statement (i) is its effect.
C
Both the statements (i) and (ii) are independent.
D
Both the statements (i) and (ii) are effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Direct Meteorological Cause & Effect.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Severe downpour (Cause) causes match cancellation (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts cause and effect.
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#14 of 17 UHS MDCAT 2023
[UHS MDCAT 2023]

Statements:
I. State P started providing multiple rehabilitation schemes over the past year.
II. Crime rates for state P have steadily decreased over the past year.
A
II is the cause and I is its effect
B
I is the cause and II is its effect
C
I and II are effects of some common cause
D
I and II are both effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Social Rehabilitation Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Providing offender rehabilitation schemes (Cause) reduces recidivism and lowers overall crime rates (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Inverts causality.
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#15 of 17 SZABMU 2023
[SZABMU 2023]

Cause-and-effect:
(I) There is a sharp decline in oilseed production.
(II) The Government decided to increase edible oil imports.
A
I is cause, II is effect
B
II is cause, I is effect
C
Both are independent causes
D
Both are effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Economic Supply Shortage.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Local oilseed shortage (I) causes increased edible oil imports (II).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts cause and effect.
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#16 of 17 FMDC / SZABMU 2022
[FMDC / SZABMU 2022]

Statement I: The government has increased the taxes on all businesses in Pakistan.
Statement II: Many small businesses will have to close their operation in Pakistan.
A
Statement I is the cause and Statement II is the effect.
B
Statement II is the cause and Statement I is the effect.
C
Both statements I and II are independent causes.
D
Both statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option A Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Tax Policy Impact.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Tax increases (Cause) force small businesses to close (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option B: Inverts policy causality.
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#17 of 17 Punjab MDCAT / UHS 2022
[Punjab MDCAT / UHS 2022]

Statement I: The literacy rate in the district has been increasing.
Statement II: The district administration has conducted an extensive training program for the workers involved in the literacy drive.
A
Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
B
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
C
Both the statements I and II are independent causes
D
Both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes
View Answer & Propolis Autopsy
Correct Key: Option B Diagnostic Explanation
Concept: Educational Administration Causality.

Formula: N/A

Solution: Implementing an extensive worker training program (Cause) leads directly to higher literacy yields in the district (Effect).

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option A: Inverts cause and effect.
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